Conformity and Obedience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conformity and Obedience - Assignment Example administering the drug, the nurse would have broken health care rules such as; accepting the instructions through phone which is not allowed, administering double of the maximum limit of the drug. Despite the fact that the nurse understands the dose that is supposed to be administered to the patient, the nurse changed in order to respond to the request or rather order from the doctor. Obedient in nursing practice should not be blind obedient but rather a professional interaction between a nurse and a doctor (Quinn, 1998). The responsibilities in health care settings are channelled as well as enforced, whereby some people such as physicians have power over others. In regards to this, the nurses in health care settings have to perform the activities since it comes from an authority figure. The nurse has to comply with the given orders from the physician. In this case, nurses are regarded as the helpmeets of physicians whereby they should not be the arrogant equal of men. Therefore, the nurse complies with physicians’ instruction since they get orders from them, despite breaking the rules of the hospital and risking the health and well being of the

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Example for Free

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Abstract This paper will explain Maslow’s triangle and its application to interpersonal communications. An explanation will be given how the interpersonal communications, based off of Maslow’s triangle, can be used as an interview and interrogation tool. Examples will be provided of a personal experience that directly relates to the vertical progression through Maslow’s triangle. When Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Maslow’s triangle) is understood, it is easier to understand another person and have better more effective interpersonal communication. Maslow’s triangle is a set of needs that must be met and people are self-motivated to fulfil the needs. Maslow’s triangle can be used during interrogation and interview as a means to build trust a rapport. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be divided into two parts, basic needs and growth needs (McLeod, 2014). To elevate to a higher need, the needs at the current level must be satisfied. The basic needs are believed to be self-motivating and the longer they go unmet the greater the desire for them becomes. For instance the longer one goes without sleep then the more tired they become and soon the body will breakdown. The bottom of the triangle is physiological needs. These are the most basic needs for survival such as food, water, breathing, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion. The next level is safety needs which consists of protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear. Love and belongingness needs is the third rung and is comprised of friendship, intimacy, affection and love, from work group, family, friends, and romantic relationships. The final basic need is esteem needs which includes achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, and respect from  others. The top of the triangle, and the growth need, is self-actualization needs, made up of realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, and seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Maslow believed that people have an inborn desire to be self-actualized (Cherry, n.d.). Self-actualization is when a person reaches their full potential. Understanding human needs can be a used persuade people as they are already self-motivated to fulfil their needs. This can be used by both preventing the obtainment of a current need or by providing a current need. In the later one can build rapport with the subject by providing the needs. This can further lead into security or love and belongingness where you as an interrogator or interviewer can be the stability or friendship need that is missing. By filling in the need you can passively be purvey to more information or even take a more aggressive quid pro quo stance. Furthermore you may even give an ultimatum that if the information you seek is not provided then the fulfilled need will be taken back leaving a deficiency. As this relates to my personal experiences and my progression through the hierarchy of needs, I am no different than anyone else and I must have fulfillment of one level before ascending to the next. I have been fortunate enough that air and water have always been present in my life. Sleep is sometimes lacking and can affect my health but on the whole a sufficient amount of sleep is met. Being that the lowest level needs have been generally fulfilled the next level is considered. Safety needs have generally been provided given that safety of employment was sufficient. While employed in the active duty military I had job security providing money that provided safety in resources. Safety in employment allowed the lower level item such as food to always be fulfilled as well as safety of property a need of the second tier. Employment allowed advancement into both the third and fourth levels as I was part of a family both in occupation and able to provide for one at home. I also had friendship within the employment and much respect both from self and others as well as a sense of achievement. This had much to do with the type of occupation being what it was (military). This all fed into a greater self-esteem and then into the top tier of the triangle, growth and self-actualization. The other side to  this is that when I was no longer in the active duty military and I lost the fulfilment of safety of employment I much of the fulfilment of other needs. I lost the steady monetary income and in direct correlation I lost safety of property as I was never sure if I would be able to make my house payment. Being able to provide for my family was always a question and this greatly reduced my self-respect and respect from family and relationship within the family dynamics. I was not sure if I would be able to always meet to need of food. My focus was fulfilling that unmet need, the need for safety of employment. At no time after I had a deficiency in level two of the triangle was I ever considering my self-actualization or full potential let alone even confidence or achievement from the level below that. When Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is understood, it is easier to understand another person and have better more effective interpersonal communication. The needs laid out in Maslow’s triangle can be used during interrogation and interview. They can be used as a means to build trust a rapport and or persuasion and coercion. References (n.d.). Retrieved from wikimedia,org: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs.svg Cherry, K. (n.d.). Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from About Education: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm McLeod, S. (2014). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from Simply Psychology: http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html Tay, L., Diener, E. (2011). Maslows Hierarchy. Retrieved from Changing Minds: http://changingminds.org/explanations/needs/maslow.htm

Malaysian construction industry system

Malaysian construction industry system INTRODUCTION The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technology to a more systematic and mechanized system. This new system is now known as the Industrialized Building System (IBS). This new method of construction can increase productivity and quality of work through the use of better construction machinery, equipment, materials and extensive pre-project planning. This study becomes very necessary since there is yet no organized body, which can provide the necessary information on the building cost comparison between the conventional system and industrialized building system in Malaysias construction industry. This study also addresses the building cost comparison of the conventional system and industrialized building system of formwork system. It provides the details building cost between the conventional system and the formwork system and indicates which of the two is cheaper. The data were collected through questionnaire s urvey and case study, which consisting of institutional buildings. Through the statistical testt-test it is shown that there is a significant difference in cost saving for the conventional system as compared to the formwork system (industrialized building system). The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technologies to a more systematic and mechanized system employing the latest computer and communication technologies. This is vital for the future health of the industry, given the trend towards global competition and the advent of the k-economy. The Industrialized Building System (IBS) has been introduced in Malaysia since the 60s by the use of precast concrete beam-column elements. Since the demand of building construction has increased rapidly, it is necessary to innovate a construction method, which speeds up the building construction process. To sum-up, in general, the IBS is a methodology whereby a local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, and quality, time and cost saving. The construction cost of a building using precast components should be assessed in its overall context. The traditional method of costing by material quantities with a fixed factor for labor cost can lead to incorrect estimation. For example, if labor usage is halved, this will more than compensate for a 10% material increase. More importantly, there is saving in time. Also, if properly designed and executed, precast can lead to much better quality of work. The overall cost impact of precast has therefore to take all these factors into consideration. With the rising costs of labor and less assurance of dependable skilled manpower, the trend is that precast construction will become increasingly competitive compared to cast-in-place construction? PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION Introduction Every construction material system has its own characteristics which to a greater or less extend influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the case for precast concrete, not only in comparison to steel, wood, masonry structures, but also with respect to cast in-situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way that the completed precast structure has the same monolithic concept as a in-situ one. However, this is a wrong approach one, which is very labour intensive costly. If the full advantages of precast concrete are to be realized, the structure should be conceived according to its specific design philosophy: Long spans, appropriate stability concept, simple details, etc. Designers should from the very outset of the project consider the possibilities, restrictions advantages of precast concrete, its detailing, manufacturer, transport, erection serviceability stages before completing a design in precast concrete. Precast concrete system enables faster programmed times not affected by weather or labour shortages. Improves buildability early enclosure of dry envelope enables follow-on trades to start sooner. Produces a high standard of workmanship in factory conditions reduces potential for accidents, addresses on-site skill shortage. Has a high quality finish that can be left exposed concretes thermal properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings. PRIMARY FUNCTIONS Keep water out Prevent air leakage Control light Control radiation of heat Control conduction of heat Control sound SECONDARY FUNCTIONS Resist wind forces Control water vapor Adjust to movement Thermal and moisture expansion or contraction Structural movements Resist fire Weather gracefully Easy to install Architectural precast concrete provides architects with an exciting medium when designing facades for a wide range of buildings, from healthcare facilities to shopping malls, commercial office buildings to sports stadiums. Precast concrete provides: Complete thermal protection Continuous air/vapour barrier Effective rain screens Superior lifespan Reduced construction schedule and on-site labour High quality control standards Numerous finish options and colours CATEGORIES OF PRECAST BUILDING SYSTEMS Precast buildings constitute a significant fraction of the building stock in the republics of the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. Depending on the load-bearing structure, precast systems can be divided into the following categories: Large-panel systems Frame systems Slab-column systems with walls Precast concrete floor Large-Panel Systems The designation â€Å"large-panel system† refers to multistory structures composed of large wall and floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the rooms within a building. These panels form a box-like structure (see Figure 1). Both vertical and horizontal panels resist gravity load. Wall panels are usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof panels span either as one-way or two-way slabs. When properly joined together, these horizontal elements act as diaphragms that transfer the lateral loads to the walls. Depending on the wall layout, there are three basic configurations of large-panel buildings: Cross-wall system. The main walls that resist gravity and lateral loads are placed in the short direction of the building. Longitudinal-wall system. The walls resisting gravity and lateral loads are placed in the longitudinal direction; usually, there is only one longitudinal wall, except for the system with two longitudinal walls. Two-way system. The walls are placed in both directions. Thickness of wall panels ranges from 120 mm for interior walls to 300 mm for exterior walls. Floor panel thickness is 60 mm. Wall panel length is equal to the room length, typically on the order of 2.7m to 3.6 m. In some cases, there are no exterior wall panels and the faà §ade walls are made of lightweight concrete. A typical interior wall panel is shown in Figure 2. Panel connections represent the key structural components in these systems. Based on their location within a building, these connections can be classified into vertical and horizontal joints. Vertical joints connect the vertical faces of adjoining wall panels and primarily resist vertical seismic shear forces. Horizontal joints connect the horizontal faces of the adjoining wall and floor panels and resist both gravity and seismic loads. Depending on the construction method, these joints can be classified as wet and dry. Wet joints are constructed with cast-in-place concrete poured between the precast panels. To ensure structural continuity, protruding reinforcing bars from the panels (dowels) are welded, looped, or otherwise connected in the joint region before the concrete is placed. Dry joints are constructed by bolting or welding together steel plates or other steel inserts cast into the ends of the precast panels for this purpose. Wet joints more closely approximate cast-in-place construction, whereas the force transfer in structures with dry joints is accomplished at discrete points. Frame Systems Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column subassemblages. Precast beam-column subassemblages have the advantage that the connecting faces between the subassemblages can be placed away from the critical frame regions; however, linear elements are generally preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming, handling, and erecting spatial elements. The use of linear elements generally means placing the connecting faces at the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections are used in some cases, when the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beam-column joint needs to be ensured. The load-bearing structure consists of a precast reinforced concrete space frame and precast floor slabs. The space frame is construc ted using two main modular elements: a cruciform element and a linear beam element. The cruciform element consists of the transverse frame joint with half of the adjacent beam and column lengths. The longitudinal frames are constructed by installing the precast beam elements in between the transverse frame joints. The precast elements are joined by welding the projected reinforcement bars (dowels) and casting the concrete in place. Slab-Column Systems with Shear Walls These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads. There are two main systems in this category: Lift-slab system with walls Prestressed slab-column system Precast columns are usually two stories high. All precast structural elements are assembled by means of special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured on the ground in forms, one on top of the other. Precast concrete floor slabs are lifted from the ground up to the final height by lifting cranes. The slab panels are lifted to the top of the column and then moved downwards to the final position. Temporary supports are used to keep the slabs in the position until the connection with the columns has been achieved. In the connections, the steel bars (dowels) that project from the edges of the slabs are welded to the dowels of the adjacent components and transverse reinforcement bars are installed in place. The connections are then filled with concrete that is poured at the site. Most buildings of this type have some kind of lateral load-resisting elements, mainly consisting of cast-in-place or precast shear walls, etc. In case lateral load-resisting elements (shear walls, etc.) are not present, the lateral load path depends on the ability of the slab-column connections to transfer bending moments. When the connections have been poorly constructed, this is not possible, and the lateral load path may be incomplete. Another type of precast system is a slab-column system that uses horizontal prestressing in two orthogonal directions to achieve continuity. The precast concrete column elements are 1 to 3 stories high. The reinforced concrete floor slabs fit the clear span between columns. After erecting the slabs and columns of a story, the columns and floor slabs are prestressed by means of prestressing tendons that pass through ducts in the columns at the floor level and along the gaps left between adjacent slabs. After prestressing, the gaps between the slabs are filled with in situ concrete and the tendons then become bonded with the spans. Seismic loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place) positioned between the columns at appropri ate locations. Precast concrete Floor The principle advantages of precast floors are speed of construction, absence of scaffolding, large variety of types, large span capacity, economy. Precast floors can also be classified according to their manufacture into totally partially precast floors. Totally precast floors are composed of units, which are totally cast at the plant. After erection, the units are connected to the structure the longitudinal joints are grouted. In some cases a cast in-situ structural topping screed is added. Partially precast floors are composed of a precast part a cast in-situ part. Both parts are working together at the final stage to achieve the composite structural capacity. The main totally precast floor roof types are described hereafter. CONVENTIONAL IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION Conventional Construction Method Conventional construction encompasses traditional forms of structural load-bearing elements; typically composed of concrete, brickwork and structural steel. We are well-versed in all forms of conventional construction and have substantial in-house capacity. The majority of our commercial and unique residential products to date have utilized conventional methods of construction. A number of designers that we have worked with tend to express the structural elements of the construction, from exposed beams, cantilevered slabs and stairs, to exposed structural steelwork. This requires a high degree of accuracy as well as a high level of workmanship; both of which are easily attained using our in-house skills. Conventional building method is defined as components of the building that are pre-fabricated on site through the processes or timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement and cast in-situ. Conventional buildings are, mostly built of reinforced concrete frames. The tr aditional construction method uses wooden formwork. It is much more costly for construction, which includes labor, raw material, transportation and low speed of construction time. Cast-in-situ Construction Method This system is suitable for a country where unskilled labor is limited. There is no heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically applicable to almost all types of building. Formwork is used as a mould, where wet concrete, is poured into a temporary system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The objective of in-situ method is to eliminate and to reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and plastering and to reduce labor content. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel/fiberglass/aluminum that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork as they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set according to the required strength the mould is dismantled. The w orkers can be trained easily to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. Its advantages over the traditional construction method are, its low skill requirement, can be quickly constructed, maintenance is low, structure is durable and cost can be less. In-situ method is to eliminate and reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labor content. Carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. The formwork system is based on the combination of pre-fabrication and in-situ conventional construction, which features the utilization of permanent concrete for elements instead of conventional timber formwork. Differences Between In situ and Precast Construction Method Labour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Precast construction method only use semi-skilled workers and dont use skill or unskilled- worker in construction process. Economies are generated through reduced requirements for formwork, access scaffolding and less reliance on wet trades. Reduced on-site supervision by the main contractor is also a saving. So for precast construction method, labours are not use 100 percent for making formwork, access scaffolding, and handle wet concrete. Due to speed of construction, gives earlier return on investment, freeing up the project critical path and allowing earlier completion. It is estimated that a precast structure takes up to 20% less time to construct than a similar cast in situ structure, using labour can be late because of rest time and energy of a labour. For quality and accuracy, precast construction methods will more quality n accuracy than in situ. This ensures that reinforcement bars are accurately located and that clients receive high quality products man ufactured to controlled dimensional tolerances. Precast method delivers a high performance product with a quality appearance. Have a high quality finish that can be left exposed concretes thermal properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings because all of the equipment are made up in factory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In situ construction method use skilled worker, semi-skilled worker, and un-skilled worker in construction process. Labour can amenable to almost any design and labour can alteration the design in last minute construction process. Design can proceed as the structure is built because labour takes a time to build. Construction can proceed independently of weather conditions because workers still can proceed the work even though whether are not good. Construction process is easily used for two way structural systems because labour used two ways structural system in construction process. It is not necessary to pay for crane on site because of labour can take instead of crane functions. Wastage Environmental and manufacturing conditions at a precast concrete plant are easily monitored. The production of precast concrete elements takes place under controlled conditions in enclosed factories. This makes the control of manufacturing, waste, emissions, noise levels, etc. easy compared with the same processes at a building site. The raw material consumption is similar for similar qualities of concrete, whether the production takes place in a factory, at a ready-mix plant or at a building site. The raw material waste in precast concrete production is very small. The process of preparing mild steel reinforcement may be the same for a precaster as for a contractor at a building site, except that precasters will usually have less waste. This results in better utilization of the steel and less consumption of natural resources. Surplus materials are generated during the production of precast elements. Much surplus material is recyclable, and consists mainly of hardened concrete with or without reinforcement, steel reinforcement and pieces of structural steel, plywood and other wooden materials, fresh concrete (from production and washing of equipment), slurry from the sawing of concrete, insulating materials (mineral wool and polystyrene), oil etc. from machinery and paper and other packaging materials. The amount of surplus material varies between factories and different types of production. Studies in the Scandinavian countries have shown that the magnitude is typically about 100 kg of surplus material per m3 of concrete produced. About 40% of the surplus material is fresh and hardened concrete and about 45% is wastewater from washing equipment and sawing slurry generated during hollow core slab production. It is possible to collect and sort different types of surplus materials in precast plants. Excess materials that can be recycled and reused include steel, wood, insulating materials, oil, paper and other packaging materials. Wood can be sorted out, cut and used as industrial firewood, or used for other construction purposes. Buildings are constructed with traditional cast in-situ concrete, using timber formworks. Building that timber formwork was the major contributor to construction waste, accounting for 30% of the total identified waste. Wet trades, such as concreting, masonry, plastering and tiling on-site were considered as the second major waste generator, accounting for 20% of the total on-site waste generated. A recent study demonstrated that the ‘off-cuts from cutting materials were a major cause of wastage during construction. Waste also arises as a result of design concepts and decisions. Case studies in Sri Lanka In the construction industry, it is well known that there is a relatively large volume of material being wasted due to a variety of reasons. The problem of material waste on construction sites is not an isolated issue and is of environmental concern. Therefore, waste minimization has become an important issue in the construction industry. The aim of this research was mainly to identify the pre-cast contribution to the construction waste minimization in the Sri Lankan construction industry, through a comparison of material waste arising from pre-cast, ready-mixed and site-mixed concrete. Data were collected from 27 building construction projects and three concrete elements: slabs, beams, and columns, were considered to quantify construction waste. To compare the wastage due to pre-cast involvement with other types, three categories of building projects were used, including projects using pre-cast concrete elements, in situ concrete elements site mix, and in- situ concrete elements ready mix. The data for the study were collected from 27 multi-storey housing constructions projects, of which, seven projects used pre-cast construction and 20 projects used in situ construction. The wastage was compared between the basic materials used for three types of concrete elements are columns, beams and slabs. In this study, material wastage includes waste arising from manufacturing process at the factory level to the site level. For instance, material waste of pre-cast and ready-mixed concrete were quantified considering the waste arising from manufacturing process at factory level to usage at construction site. However, it was identified that waste during the transportation of ready-mix concrete and pre-cast elements is negligible. Further, waste of pre-cast elements at the site level was also noted as almost zero and, hence only the factory level waste was considered for the analysis. Techniques of material reconciliation were used to analyse the waste of ready-mix concrete and pre -cast elements at the site level, while work studies were used to quantify the waste of site-mixed concrete at the site level and wastage of ready-mix concrete and pre-cast concrete at the factory level. Pre-cast concrete waste The mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 5.34 per cent, 13.86 per cent and 7.62 per cent respectively showing the lower values compared with the material wastages in the other two situations (Table III). Further, it was shown that there is a noticeable difference in the generation of material waste between pre-casts and in situ (Figures 1 and 2). The main reason behind this may be due to the negligible wastes arisen during transportation and installation at the site. The pre-cast concrete elements transported to the site were stored unit wise by during transportation had been minimized and identified as zero. Since pre-cast elements were supplied according to the required length, waste arising during installation of elements was at a minimum level and waste occurring due to over ordering of materials was also eliminated. Further, the pre-cast elements were produced at factories under proper supervision using steel moulds which can be formed of different sizes. Therefor e, the wastage of materials during manufacturing also reduced to a considerable amount. Site-mixed concrete waste In site-mix concrete, the mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 14.39 per cent, 25.70 per cent and 16.11 per cent respectively showing higher values compared with the material wastages in other situations (Table III). This large quantity of wastage was identified due to the lack of supervision, inaccurate mixing methods, inappropriate type of equipment used, poor storage of materials and poor quality workmanship and this led to higher waste of materials in ways of excess cement being used to accelerate the curing process, excess concrete being used due to the breaking of form work, higher waste in transit and handling of metal and sand and excess concrete being used in uneven surfaces (e.g. attached concrete column). Ready-mixed concrete waste The mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 6.61 per cent, 22.31 per cent and 13.01 per cent respectively showing the higher values than material wastages of pre-cast concrete and lower values than material wastages of site-mixed concrete (Table II). Although there was lower wastage at the factory level, the overall wastage of ready-mixed concrete showed higher values. The main reason behind this is the excess ordering of materials, large quantity of concrete remains in pump car and pump pipe and poor quality workmanship at the site level such as breaking of formwork. Case studies in Hong Kong The questionnaire survey revealed that the construction activities were closely related to the amount of waste generated. Timber formwork is the major contributor to construction waste. The wet trades associated with finishing work such as screeding, plastering and tile laying are identified as the second major set of waste generation processes in the construction of buildings. Concrete work and masonry work are the next most significant groups. Site activities need to be emphasised in order to reduce building waste. In general, it was estimated that about 5-10 per cent of materials ended up as waste on building sites. Pecaform foundation formwork is made by laminating a layer of polyethylene to each side of a high tensile steel wire mesh. This combination creates a material that is both light and structurally strong, making it very easy to handle. It can be used for constructing ground beams, pile caps, footings, curved structures, ribbed and waffle slabs. The formwork is cut-to-size and bent to shape at a factory and arrives at site ready for installation. There is no need to strip the formwork after the concrete has cured. Very little waste is produced. A clean and neat site can be obtained in the foundation stage. Large panel formwork compared with traditional timber formwork, metal panel system formwork has several advantages. The use of large panel formwork can save time and labour in erecting, striking and re-erecting the formwork as the panel is handled as one unit. It can also produce a concrete surface much neater than conventional timber formwork and the surface essentially needs no additional applied finishes for levelling. So far, steel is the most popular material used for the formwork and the reusability of steel formwork can be as high as 100 times, and therefore much formwork waste is reduced. On-site waste audit also indicated that large panel formwork was effective in reducing concrete waste generated by loss in concreting and broken formwork, which usually accounts for about 30 per cent of the total concrete waste Prefabricated steel reinforcement system is tailor-made in plants where steel bars are mechanically cut, bent and fabricated. The completed systems are then transported to the sites for use. During the manufacturing process, the steel bars are cut and bent in a more systematic and accurate manner so that the wastage is kept to a minimum. Precast cladding is a new construction method for tiling works in the corridors of public housing projects in Hong Kong. The cladding panels are manufactured in the precast factory. The production processes are: place wall tiles onto the steel mould face down, pour lightweight concrete onto the back of the tiles, and demould after hardening. The tiles are thus cast integrally with the lightweight concrete and no traditional tile fixing by cement mortar or adhesive is required. At the construction site, the positions for holding brackets will be set out, and cladding panels levelled and fixed. The advantages of precast cladding panels are: reduced requirements on skilled labour with better end product quality, less wastage of raw materials and waste generation as wet trades on site such as plastering and tiling are eliminated, flexible time control as no setting and curing time are needed on site, and a cleaner and safer working environment. Machinery sprayed plaster was originally used in civil engineering applications. It now replaces the traditional cement mortar in some building projects. The major difference between the mechanised plaster and the traditional cement mortar is that the former is mixed and applied by means of a mechanised operation whilst the latter is applied and trowelled smooth by hand. The use of machinery sprayed plaster has the benefits of high productivity, low labour demand and less waste. Precast bathroom is an innovative feature in the construction of public housing. The wall, floor and ceiling of the bathroom are prefabricated with concrete as a whole unit and finished with tiles in the factory. PVC sleeves are also left in the structure for the future fixing of drainpipes. It is then transported to the site and installed into the final position of the building structure with the help of a crane. The only work required on site is to install the sanitary fittings, connect plumbing and electricity wiring to the building mains. Wet trades are avoided on site and this reduces material damages and wastage. Pre-cast external wall panels. Traditionally, external wall panels in high-rise residential buildings have been constructed in-situ with concrete panels finished with mosaic tiles. Pre-casting external wall panels enables panels to be pre-finished with the mosaic tiles attached together with windows and louvres installed. Building services provision can also be included. The finishes are fixed in the factory, production is not affected by the weather, a cleaner safer production environment results in stronger bonding and less tile wastage. Pre-fabricated fibre glass water tank. This type of pre-fabrication is an example of saving construction waste by materials substitution. All residential housing units of the New Harmony type include water storage on the roof of the building; the normal design solution is a cast in-situ concrete tank. An alternative to the construction of the cast-in-situ concrete water tank on the roof of the building is the adoption of a pre-fabricated fibre glass tank. Pre-fabricated internal wall panels e.g. dry wall partitions, and gypsum boards may be used to replace concrete or brick walls which are then finished by plastering in-situ. This has the potential to make significant savings in construction waste because a typical residential building would have some 452m2 of internal walls per floor and typically there would be 32 or 40 floors per building. The adoption of this form of construction has minimal impact on the design tasks because the pre-fabricate

Parents :: Relationships Parenting Essays

Parents Pushy parents are a very touchy subject to talk about. When it comes to the well fare of children, people are always ready to jump and point fingers at others without gathering the facts. The parents of theatre, gifted, and talented children get these nasty fingers pointed at them and most are due to the generalization that the media has made portraying these parents as mean, self righteous, and abusive. The honest truth is that parents care for their children and are not pushy, but instead they direct their children in becoming good adults by protecting them, encouraging them, and being dedicated to them. In his review of The Trouble With Perfect/The Successful Child/Positive Pushing (Book), Douglas C. Lord talks about the role of the parent. The role of the parent is to protect their children and provide for them all they can to insure that they have the proper tools in order to be successful in life. These tools include such things as having good morals, strong work ethics, phenomenal character, etc. Providing their kids with the mentioned tools, parents protect their kids from becoming failures in life and give them the option to make something of themselves, which far exceeds the expectations of their parents. Parents have to do these things in order to direct their kids. This is believed to be an â€Å"absolute moral imperative† (Lord). If your parents did not provide you with these tools, where would you be? â€Å"Pageant moms are the worst,† is something that I heard once. This I have to say is false. The moms and dads of the performing art children have to be the most dedicated parents I personally have ever seen. These parents spend all of their time and energy helping their kids exceed and they always remind their kids of how much they love them. These are almost the craziest and most fanatic parents of them all. They follow their children from competition to competition, from performance to performance, from dance class to rehearsals. These parents are always there and are always willing to help.

Alcatraz essay

Imagine you are told exactly when you can eat or shower and when you have to go to bed and when you must wake up. Well many of the prisoners on Alcatraz Island were treated in such a way. If you were a prisoner on Alcatraz Island, every aspect of your life would be controlled by a higher authority. If you like to have a midnight snack every now and then, that luxury would be taken away. If you like to sit around and watch TV for hours, you can forget about that too. Alcatraz has a long history of transformation as to how it came to be known as the inescapable prison island.This reputation did not stop a handful of men to try and do the impossible and escape the island. Alcatraz, also known as â€Å"The Rock†, is a well-known yet mysterious place containing many forgotten memories and lost ghosts. Though no one really knows everything that went on within the concealed walls of the old prison, it still manages to trap the interests of millions of people who visit the national pa rk each day on the small island in the San Francisco Bay. Not only has it trapped the interests of those millions of visitors, but it has also trapped mine as well.Discovered in 1775 by a Spanish explorer named Juan Miguel de Ayala, La Isla de los Alcatraces was nothing more than a small island inhabited by a group of pelicans from which the island acquired its name (Alcatraces means pelicans in Spanish). In 1847, the United States Government began view Alcatraz as more than just an island, but also an excellent location for a military fort; by 1853, a State of the Art military fortress was protecting the Western half of the United States against any foreign invasion.With the eruption of the Civil War, Alcatraz began accepting its first military prisoners in 1861. However, it wasn't until the Spanish-American War in 1898 that the United States realized that the isolation of the island made it an excellent candidate for a prison. The prison population jumped from twenty-six to 450 du ring the war. That number sprang once more after the famous 1906 earthquake when prisoners were transferred from many San Francisco city jails to Alcatraz.With the island becoming more a prison and less a military fort, it was decided that a cell house would be necessary. After the construction of the cell house in 1912, â€Å"The Rock† was born. In the 1920's many inmates were allowed to own small gardens of their own. Baseball fields were created and small teams were formed. It wasn't until the 1930's that Alcatraz went through dramatic changes constituting stricter rules than ever before thus ending the days of gardening and baseball games.In 1963, however, due to the high cost of running an island prison, Alcatraz was officially closed, never to be reopened as a prison. In 1969, a group of Native Americans claimed the island as their own but later ran into trouble with high costs just as the United States had. In 1971, their problems ended when they saw the island go up i n flames, badly damaging the lighthouse and many homes that used to house the cell guards and their families. The remaining Indians left after this fire and once again, Alcatraz was abandoned. The U.S. government decided it would be best to make Alcatraz part of the newly opened Golden Gate Park. Today, the money it attracts from its visitors each year provides the operational costs for the island. Throughout all the changes Alcatraz has went, it has retained one thing up to this very day; its deteriorating walls never cease to capture the amazement and interest of onlookers like you and I. That small, haunted, and mysterious island on the coast of San Francisco that treasures so many memories will always be known as â€Å"The Rock. â€Å"

Analysis of Television advertising Essays

Analysis of Television advertising Essays Analysis of Television advertising Essay Analysis of Television advertising Essay Advertising is a strong part of todays society whether it is for a product or charity. It appears everywhere from shop front windows, bus stops to the television. Advertising affects most people as it often affects what people wear, behave and purchase. By advertising a company can sell a product easily and soon makes it in fashion. Many adverts appeal to different people. One of the people who are most effect by advertising is teenagers and children. They feel the need to constantly improve their image and look good in front of their friends. In this essay I will be comparing two television adverts. The two adverts that I have chosen to compare are from two charities; Children in Need and Cancer Research. The first advert was shown on the night of Children in Need as a plea for money to go towards their charitable work. The second is shown regularly on Television is about Cancer Research and how they need donations to help people like you and me. Although these adverts are different they both portray similar techniques in order to get the audience to react. In this essay I shall look closely at both these adverts and highlight these similarities. In the advert from Cancer Research the story line is portrayed using flashbacks of two particular people. The first used is of a boy, getting ready for school, looking in the mirror whilst doing his tie up.  Whilst the boy is looking in the mirror, an image of what the audience presumes is his mum, appears. She is shown in the mirror to be behind the boy and says Dont forget your hankie in a very loving way. As the boy concentrates harder on the mirror this image fades and he stretches out his hand as a sign of sadness and longing for his mum. The second is of a mother in her bedroom with her daughter on the bed behind. She too is looking in the mirror, but getting ready to go out with friends. Her daughter says You look great mum. At this the mother realises how precious her daughter is to her and she gives her hug.  In the advert from Children in Need instead of a story line there is a statement asking for money. This advert consists of many children of a different race and background. It is shown as a plea in with each child saying a few words of this. The camera switches from one child to another in quick succession. In both of the adverts the main characters are children. In the advert from Children in Need children are the only people shown. However, in the Cancer research it features both mothers and their children. Each charitable advert gets across its message by using or showing pictures of the people it helps. In the Cancer Research advert a voice over is used. This is of an adult talking about how donations are needed to fund the charity. By using an adult it shows that Cancer Research helps both adults and children in work it does. In contrast the advert from Children in Need shows just children, as this is mainly the only people the charity focus on. Throughout both adverts repetitive Images are also used. This gives the charity greater credibility to the campaign and allows the audience to acknowledge/ remind them of something they have seen before. In the Cancer Research advert this techniques is used to show something from a different persons point of view. The first image is of a boy, looking in a mirror, remembering how precious his mum was to him. This is shown when an image of his mum appears and acts in an affectionate way, towards the boy. The second and the repetition is of a mother looking to into a mirror reminding herself of how much her daughter means to her. The Children in need advert uses the repetition of a black background to convey a particular message. The use of the same background, against each child who is talking, could suggest to the audience that each child they see is equal and deserves the same benefits.  By using repetition in an advert it allows the company or charity in this case to portray its message from different viewpoints and or reinforce this message.

Tiger Essays

Tiger Essays Tiger Essays The princess had to decide whether to send the lover to the tiger or to the lady. The lover’s destiny was in the princess’s hands since she knew what was behind the doors. If the princess sent to the tiger, he would die and if she sent him to the lady, the lover would marry her. It was a tough decision because she hated the lady, she wanted to have a semi barbaric futurity with the lover but at the same time, she doesn’t want to see the horror of the tiger death and she wants to legitimize their love. The princess sent the lover to the tiger because of semibarbaric futurity, she dislikes the lady and she is semibarbaric. To begin with, she would send her to the tiger because she wants to see him in the semibarbaric futurity. The princess lost the lover because either way if he picks the tiger or the lady, the princess won’t have him anymore unless the lover could wait for the princess in the heavens until she dies. â€Å"Would it not be better for him to die at once, and go to wait for her in the blessed regions of semibarbaric futurity?† (Stockton, 9). Based on this, the princess has a religious belief so she believes they will be reunited in the heaven. Even if they can’t be together in reality, at least there is a chance for them to be together in the heavens. Secondly, the princess hates the lady, so she would send the lover to the tiger. The princess would not want the lover to be married to the lady. â€Å"It was one of the fairest and selected as the reward of the accused youth, should be he proved innocent of the crime of aspiring to one so far above him; and the princess hated her.† (Stockton, 7). The princess is jealous of the lady because she is more beautiful than her, She is also afraid that there might be something going on between the lady and the lover. â€Å"Often had she seen, or imagined that she had seen, this fair creature throwing glances of admiration upon the person of her lover, and some times she thought these glances were perceived and even returned.† (Stockton, 7). The princess thinks the lady is trying to steal the lover from the princess which makes the princess hate her even more. The princess would do anything to get the lover away from the lady. Lastly, the princess herself is semibarbaric making her more likely to send the lover to the tiger. The princess bribed and threatened people who were associated with the cages to find out the

Womens Writing Changes essays

Womens Writing Changes essays Women's writing styles have changed over the years as women's roles have changed in this world. The more that woman's roles have changed the more that their writing changes. There are many reasons to account for the changes in women's writing. At first, in the early years, women were not even allowed to be writers. After women were allowed to become writers, they didn't write about what interested them, they wrote about what about what would interest men. Women writers were writing for a male audience. That soon changed women were writing more about things that were of interest to women because now women were writing for a female audience. Another reasons that can account for the change in women's writing is that woman's role in life have changed. Women don't all have the same role in life, taking care of the home and family. When women's roles only consisted of taking care of the home, their children, and husband, their writings were very different than when the women were out in the world doing different things. Some women's writing inferred that they were being suppressed because they wanted more out of life that what the men would allow them to have. When women felt suppressed in their lives they brought that feeling into their writing. Later, after women could do more with their lives and didn't feel maybe as suppressed by men, women's writing changed. Another reasons that can account for the change in women's writing are the change in what concerns women now from what the concerns of women years ago. When the concerns of women change, the writing changes too. At one point the only major concern that women had was their family and the home. Now, women have more concerns about themselves and their careers. It's not to say that women are not concerned with their family and home anymore, it's just to say that now women have more to be concerned with, and that can accoun ...

Similarities between colonization of Jamaica( west Indies) and Essay - 1

Similarities between colonization of Jamaica( west Indies) and gentrification in Newark , jersey - Essay Example t up their colony base in West Indies (Cheng 50) The colonization was characterized by slavery exchanged through slave trade and brutal working conditions in the British owned sugar plantations in the better part of the 17th and 18th century before Jamaica finally attended her independence in 1962 which saw an end to the British rule in the Caribbean island. Gentrification in New Jersey back in the 1980’s can be seen to have similarities with the Jamaican colonization because of the oppressive nature to the less fortunate in society (Lees, Slater &Wyly22). Gentrification in Newark was characterized by the poor class which mainly consisted of blacks to be fazed out of â€Å"white† inhabited areas initially inhabited by the African Americans. This brings about the similarity in that the less fortunate are oppressed based on based on their races, culture and social status. Colonization in Jamaica and gentrification in Newark, New Jersey is majorly characterized by racial discrimination based on the races of the parties involved. In the 18th century the blacks who are the Jamaicans were oppressed by the colonization of the whites who were British. Their rights were curtailed and inhumane acts done on the blacks who were treated as slaves (Giovas&Flitzpatrick 573). The island acted as a harbor for the slaves who later rebelled to gain independence from the British. Gentrification in Newark was characterized by the racial aspect in that whites moved into black inhabited neighborhoods and because of the racial superiority perception the livelihood of the Americans were made almost impossible because of the high standards of living that were brought along by the â€Å"whites† who are mainly made of high class and middle class levels forcing the poor class out of the â€Å"neighborhoods†. A form of rebellion from the parties that appear oppres sed seems to be eminent which in the two cases consists of â€Å"blacks† who feel their rights have been violated through the actions

Compare and Contrast two Counterinsurgency campaigns Research Paper

Compare and Contrast two Counterinsurgency campaigns - Research Paper Example They used various tactics to win the support of the people; both policies of attraction and chastisement. After taking over, the Americans, set their bases in Philippines and colonized it. The Americans used the policies of attraction and chastisement to woo the support of the locals. This paper is going to highlight the application of policies of attraction and chastisement in both Cuba and Attraction. The policy of attraction was an appealing message, while the policy of chastisement was using of force. It will show how Americans were trying to bring change in a short time. Spanish were failing the economies of both Cuba and Philippines and this paper will highlight the reason Americans removed Spanish authorities in these two countries. Spain was in the war with Cuba. They had invaded the territory of the South American nation. Americans used their press called the yellow papers to spread the news of the war all over the world (Company, 1999). American policy makers felt the investments, which Americans had invested in Cuba would face destruction. Many people lost their lives. The European countries put in place the Monroe Doctrine that prohibited any form of war, whether internally or externally. European countries felt they had to react and stop the war too. There was pressure from all quarters towards Spain, so that they stopped the war. The American government sent a warship to Cuba as a warning to Spain as they wanted a lasting peace. The ship sent to deliver the warning was bombed (Archives, 2014). American press sent out rumors that the Spanish troops destroyed the ship. In reality, Cuban rebels were responsible for the ambush. This triggered American congress to declare war against the Spanish forces in Cub a (Blumenfeld, 2003). US wanted the Spanish to withdraw its troops immediately. America declared war. It was the first time for almost eighty years since US was in the war against a European country.

Window Display (Pasta) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Window Display (Pasta) - Term Paper Example Beginning with the idea of â€Å"fall into CSR†, we wanted to bring together an autumnal atmosphere and a suggestion of serendipity – hence the upside-down trees dropping their leaves on to a representation of academia (the folders). The leaves hint at the significant relationship between nature and consumer/family science, but we wanted to take this suggestion further. We felt that certain aspects of the SCAMPER model – namely Substitute and Reverse – would make this connection much more obvious. The pasta is a substitute for branches; as it is clear that our trees have recently dropped their leaves, we felt that the unpredictable shape of tree branches should be visible, rather than leaving the cardboard tree blank. The shape of the pasta does not exactly mirror the shape of branches, but it evokes a similar atmosphere, and adds greatly to the interest of the branch shapes cut into the cardboard. The way in which we used the Reverse concept of SCAMPER is, I find, delightfully subtle: the pasta is a processed foodstuff, which is glued to the cardboard trees instead of (unprocessed) leaves. The reversal of the typical manufacturing process, again, emphasizes that in CSR we are very aware of the links between processed and unprocessed goods. That said, I feel that one improvement we could have made would be to use a processed good made from leaves, or had the unprocessed goods of pasta in the display. The reason that we decided against this was because the unprocessed ingredients of pasta (flour, water, egg, salt) do not have the same autumnal ideas as leaves and fall. Furthermore, we felt that pasta has certain connotations which we felt would be a suitable presence in our display, particularly in relation to the family part of CSR. Pasta is often referred to as a comfort food, and is evocative of a family home and the commitment that thrives within such an environment. It is also a â€Å"healthy carbohydrate† (Baer-Sinnott) and a good basic staple for

Marketing management in pratice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing management in pratice - Article Example Perfumes are a multibillion industry with many big and small players vying for the market space. Fragrance forms the critical component of perfumes. According to Williams and Curtis (2006) researchers have established a variety of roles for marketing people, which includes; As such there are other cosmetic items which have fragrance, but these items are supposed to cater to some other needs as well. Cosmetics have been around for many thousand years now. Use of cosmetics can be traced back to earlier times when people used to paint their body for religious ceremonies, war, and mating rituals (Kumar et al, 2006). Range of items like powders, soap, shampoo, toothpaste etc. also form part of the cosmetics industry, but the first thought that comes to mind on hearing the term 'cosmetics' is makeup and perfumes, especially for women. Though perfume as such doesn't come in the category of items required for living, but over the years it has certainly acquired a status of an item required to make a 'decent living'. It is this aspect that is required to be explored optimally, using marketing communication techniques. Traditional marketing mix concept, first proposed by McCarthy in 1960, consists of Product, Price, Place and Promotion (better known as the 4Ps). Each particular marketing mix adds up to a certain amount of effort the company is making for the purpose of generating sales. Any plan to develop a competitive advantage must be based on a sound analysis of the company's competitors. Communication forms a crucial part of managerial activities. Marketing communication in turn helps a company in building a brand, creating brand loyalties, increase in sales, cutting costs, etc. North American market is a very diverse market in general which caters to customers/ consumers from different walks of life, different cultures, ethnic groups and age groups. There is lot of diversity in the perfume market itself. With so many varieties of perfumes available in the market it'll require a committed and consistent effort on the part of Picasso perfume to attract the customers. One of the biggest markets for perfume is the youth segment and Thomas (2007) finds out that this segment is not very loyal to the brand, what they ask for is the fragrance. Studies (Datamonitor, 2007) have suggested that blended fragrance is the most preferred fragrances followed by musk, sandalwood and others. Therefore, Picasso will have to take note of the customer's preferences to establish itself as a quality product in the market. Thomas (2007) further adds that the celebrity endorsement of some particular brand also helps in attracting the youth segment towards the brand. Perfume companies have been extensively

Virgin Galactic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virgin Galactic - Research Paper Example In pursuit of their mission, Virgin Galactic has acted as a proving ground for new technologies like using carbon composites in big sized aircrafts, which has applications across a many industrial sectors. This is why Virgin Galactic has been described as a significant industrial project in the twenty first century (virgin galactic.com, 2012). Branson was 19 years old when Apollo 11 took the first humans to the moon on July 16, 1969. On that day a young Richard Branson decided that he would experience the wonder of space. â€Å"Virgin Galactic's goal is to end the exclusivity attached to manned space travel, which means designing a vehicle that can fly almost anyone to space and back safely without the need for special expertise or exhaustive, time consuming training† (Virgin Galactic. com, 2012, par. 3). Virgin Galactic reviewed many spacecraft concepts before networking with Scaled Composites. Scaled Composites was founded by famed designer and builder of experimental aircra ft Burt Rutan (Leonard, 2005). Virgin Galactic’s spacecraft and launch vehicles were designed with simplicity and redundancy in mind. A complex system has an increased chance of failure; therefore simplification and risk reduction pay a pivotal role in their design. Scaled Composites has an exceptional safety record and is responsible for some of the most innovative experimental aircraft in the world. September 27, 2004, Branson announced that Virgin Galactic would finance the design and construction of a fleet of commercial spacecraft that would take thousands of passengers to space and back safely (virgingalactic.com, 2012). In addition to commercial sub-orbital space flight, Virgin Galactic offers sub-orbital scientific missions as well as orbital satellite launches. According to Virgin Galactic’s Web site, the company and the New Mexico State revealed that they had made a historic agreement in 2005 that would see the building of a state-funded $200 million spacepor t on a 27-square mile area of land. Virgin Galactic agreed to establish its headquarters and operate space flights from what would be known as Spaceport America in South Mexico (virgingalactic.com, 2012). New Mexico’s steady climate, high altitude, free airspace, and low population density make it an ideal location for the first commercial spaceport. Richard Branson and New Mexico Governor Susana Martinez recently dedicated the Virgin Galactic Gateway to Space at Spaceport America, New Mexico. Seven hundred guests gathered to celebrate the occasion and view a demonstration flight. There has been a steady increase in the interest in space tourism among engineers, scientist, entrepreneurs, and the general public. According to Virgin Galactic’s Web site, more than 500 tickets have been sold at US$200,000 per seat. The sky is no longer the limit and the market potential for this emerging industry is enormous. As the space tourism industry grows, they will need to cut their costs to remain competitive. Branson expects as many as five competing spaceship companies by 2020. He believes this competition will drive the price of a ticket down to a level that hundreds of thousands of passengers can afford to go to space (Allen, 2009). Several companies entering the market have already announced that their costs will be approximately half that of Virgin Galactic. The

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Microeconomics - Essay Example Work submitted for assessment must be accompanied by a completed copy of the Faculty Cover Sheet (available on MUSO Blackboard ‘assignment’ link). Each student must attach their own signed cover sheet to the assignment. No assignment will be accepted or marked if it is not accompanied by a signed Cover Sheet by all students. Your name, I.D. number, the tutorial day/time, and the name of the tutor should be shown on the Cover Sheet. An electronic copy will not be accepted. You should retain a copy of the work submitted. 4. Faculty Style Guide - Work submitted for this assessment must follow the Faculty Style as outlined in the Faculty Q Manual. Copies of this Manual can be obtained at the bookshop or online at: http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/publications/qmanual/. 5. Applications for extension of time - All applications for an extension of the time allocated to an assessment task must be made in writing to the Unit Leader (see special consideration for within the semester assessment on page 9 of the Unit Outline). Approval, if granted, will be in writing and will be recorded on the Faculty Assignment cover sheet accompanying the assessment task by the responsible lecturer/tutor. b) Choose one of the policies you describe in part (a) to be the focus of the rest of your analysis. Consider the European Union to be one country, and show graphically the demand, supply, and equilibrium in the sugar market. Before any trade is allowed, where would the domestic (European) price for sugar be located with respect to the world price? d) Now construct a new graph of the market for sugar in the EU that shows, in addition to the equilibrium with free trade, the equilibrium that would be reached under the trade protection policy you chose in part (b). Show clearly the areas of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue (where relevant) that result from this policy, and compare them to the corresponding areas under

Marketing management in pratice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing management in pratice - Article Example Perfumes are a multibillion industry with many big and small players vying for the market space. Fragrance forms the critical component of perfumes. According to Williams and Curtis (2006) researchers have established a variety of roles for marketing people, which includes; As such there are other cosmetic items which have fragrance, but these items are supposed to cater to some other needs as well. Cosmetics have been around for many thousand years now. Use of cosmetics can be traced back to earlier times when people used to paint their body for religious ceremonies, war, and mating rituals (Kumar et al, 2006). Range of items like powders, soap, shampoo, toothpaste etc. also form part of the cosmetics industry, but the first thought that comes to mind on hearing the term 'cosmetics' is makeup and perfumes, especially for women. Though perfume as such doesn't come in the category of items required for living, but over the years it has certainly acquired a status of an item required to make a 'decent living'. It is this aspect that is required to be explored optimally, using marketing communication techniques. Traditional marketing mix concept, first proposed by McCarthy in 1960, consists of Product, Price, Place and Promotion (better known as the 4Ps). Each particular marketing mix adds up to a certain amount of effort the company is making for the purpose of generating sales. Any plan to develop a competitive advantage must be based on a sound analysis of the company's competitors. Communication forms a crucial part of managerial activities. Marketing communication in turn helps a company in building a brand, creating brand loyalties, increase in sales, cutting costs, etc. North American market is a very diverse market in general which caters to customers/ consumers from different walks of life, different cultures, ethnic groups and age groups. There is lot of diversity in the perfume market itself. With so many varieties of perfumes available in the market it'll require a committed and consistent effort on the part of Picasso perfume to attract the customers. One of the biggest markets for perfume is the youth segment and Thomas (2007) finds out that this segment is not very loyal to the brand, what they ask for is the fragrance. Studies (Datamonitor, 2007) have suggested that blended fragrance is the most preferred fragrances followed by musk, sandalwood and others. Therefore, Picasso will have to take note of the customer's preferences to establish itself as a quality product in the market. Thomas (2007) further adds that the celebrity endorsement of some particular brand also helps in attracting the youth segment towards the brand. Perfume companies have been extensively

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Microeconomics - Essay Example Work submitted for assessment must be accompanied by a completed copy of the Faculty Cover Sheet (available on MUSO Blackboard ‘assignment’ link). Each student must attach their own signed cover sheet to the assignment. No assignment will be accepted or marked if it is not accompanied by a signed Cover Sheet by all students. Your name, I.D. number, the tutorial day/time, and the name of the tutor should be shown on the Cover Sheet. An electronic copy will not be accepted. You should retain a copy of the work submitted. 4. Faculty Style Guide - Work submitted for this assessment must follow the Faculty Style as outlined in the Faculty Q Manual. Copies of this Manual can be obtained at the bookshop or online at: http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/publications/qmanual/. 5. Applications for extension of time - All applications for an extension of the time allocated to an assessment task must be made in writing to the Unit Leader (see special consideration for within the semester assessment on page 9 of the Unit Outline). Approval, if granted, will be in writing and will be recorded on the Faculty Assignment cover sheet accompanying the assessment task by the responsible lecturer/tutor. b) Choose one of the policies you describe in part (a) to be the focus of the rest of your analysis. Consider the European Union to be one country, and show graphically the demand, supply, and equilibrium in the sugar market. Before any trade is allowed, where would the domestic (European) price for sugar be located with respect to the world price? d) Now construct a new graph of the market for sugar in the EU that shows, in addition to the equilibrium with free trade, the equilibrium that would be reached under the trade protection policy you chose in part (b). Show clearly the areas of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue (where relevant) that result from this policy, and compare them to the corresponding areas under

Nazi Germanys discrimination against the Jews Essay Example for Free

Nazi Germanys discrimination against the Jews Essay As a result of anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany, a system of violent suppression and control emerged that ultimately took the lives of an estimated 6 million Jewish people Anti-Semitism is an opposition to, prejudice against, or intolerance of Semitic people, most commonly Jews. Anti-Semitism has existed throughout history, since Israels dispersion in 70 AD. In every land in which the Jews have lived, they have been threatened, violated and murdered, century after century. After Germanys defeat in World War I, many Germans found it hard to accept their defeat. These Germans connived a theory that the citizens at home had betrayed them, especially laying blame on Jews and Marxists in Germany for undermining the war effort (http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/ends.htm). This is the main reason that led to the extreme discrimination and removal of basic rights of Jewish people in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s, however, there were many other reasons including Christianitys general hatred for Jewry. Jews were often the victims of Nazism. The first Jewish victims of the Nazi era were 8 innocent people who were killed in the streets on 1 January 1930 by Brownshirts. Soon after that, violence against Jews in the streets became common. Violence was an integral part of the Nazi programme Jews were molested in cafes and theatres, synagogue services were disrupted and anti-Jewish slogans became the daily calling card of Nazi thugs. (Gilbert,2001:31) One particular night of violence, known as Kristallnacht, is remembered with fear. During the night of November 9-10, 1938 thousands of windows were smashed out of Jewish businesses and homes, hundreds of synagogues were burnt to the ground, and more than ninety Jews were murdered. On March 9, 1933 the first Nazi concentration camp was opened at Dachau. On  April 1, a boycott of all Jewish shops was put in place. It only lasted a day, because of threats of a counter-boycott in the USA of all German made goods. However, the expulsion of all Jewish people from Germanys Universities and then the Burning of the Books quickly followed the one-day boycott. The Burning of the Books consisted of 20 000 books burned in a massive bonfire in front of the Berlin Opera House, and opposite the University of Berlin. The books that were destroyed were judged to be degenerate and intellectual filth by the Nazis, many being written by Jewish authors. Also during this time, Jewish scientists and intellectuals were dismissed from their positions, and Hitler was quoted as saying If the dismissal of Jewish scientists means the annihilation of contemporary German science, we shall do without science for a few years. In late 1939, the first ghettos were created in Poland. All Jews were forced to move into a designated area of a city or town, which was surrounded by brick walls topped with barbed wire, and guarded by armed men. SS General Heydrich ordered that the ghettos were to be located on railway junctions, or along a railway so that future measures may be accomplished more easily. Large numbers of people had to share small living quarters, and medical supplies and food were limited. The Jews could only bring into the ghettos what they could carry, and their luggage was searched and pillaged on their arrival. Life in the ghettos was hard, and death rates were high. Most of the deaths in the ghettos were by starvation or disease. In the two largest ghettos in Poland, Warsaw and Lodz, the death toll from starvation alone in the first twelve months after the creation of the ghettos reached approximately 42 000. In most of Western Poland, there were no ghettos. This was because General Heydrich had ordered Western Poland to be cleared completely of the Jews. Immediately after the Germans invaded a town, they rounded up all the Jewish people, made them dig large pits, then shot and buried them just outside the town. The ghettos were also referred to as concentration camps and slave labour camps. This was because while the Jews resided in the ghettos, they could be forced to work up to fourteen hours a day in some circumstances. Some were deported to separate concentration camps where they would work on farms in the country to maintain a food supply for the German war machine. Others who stayed in the ghettos worked for the Nazis in munitions factories making armaments, or for local businessmen who paid the government for the use of slave labour to work their factories. These Jews were mostly considered totally expendable, and were subject to minimal food rations, a lack of medical attention, and violent beatings. At least half a million Jews died as slave labourers. The extermination camps, or death camps were the sites for hundreds of mass murders. Men, women and children were deported from ghettos and concentration camps to these death camps and usually taken straight from the train to a gas chamber where they were gassed to death. A few hundred people were kept alive as slave labour to sort through the clothing and luggage of the victims. A small part of this labour force was known as the Death Jews. These Jews performed the task of removing bodies from the gas chambers and stripping them of anything of value. They then dragged the corpses to a crematorium where the naked bodies were burnt. Most of the labour forces were killed and replaced whenever a new group of deportees arrived. The most infamous death camp was Auschwitz, where mostly deportees from Western Europe and southwest Poland were taken. Lilli Kopecky, a deportee from Slovakia recalls arriving at Auschwitz: When we came to Auschwitz, we smelt the sweet smell. They said to us: There the people are gassed, three kilometers over there. We didnt believe it. (Gilbert,2001:77) More than a million Jews were murdered at Auschwitz alone. The Holocaust is probably the most infamous instance of anti-Semitism in History. The oppressive tactics of Nazi Germany took away all the rights of the Jews, and wiped out almost the entire race of Jewish people in Europe. If the Nazis had succeeded in what they came so close to doing, there would not be a trace of Jewry remaining in Europe today.

Computerised Accounting Information System Analysis

Computerised Accounting Information System Analysis The purpose of this report is to discuss how effective the computerized accounting information system will benefit a business that is expanding in expenditure, revenue and other key areas of business. Introduction to Accounting Information System AIS is a system that collects and stores accounting data, after that process the data into useful information used by the decision makers (internal and external users). The information produced by AIS can help decision maker to manage their business more efficiently strategically. However, accounting information system can be manual using the traditional way of recording business transactions manually using paper-and-pen. Today the term AIS referred to as compound computer base system that merges the ability of information technology together with traditional accounting principles and practices. A big benefit from computerize accounting information system is that they automate and make financial reporting more efficient. Accurate and summarized, timely information is a major tool for organizations decision making and financial reporting. The accounting information system pull imports data from the system database, process and transform it and eventually produces information and reports which can be easily consumed and analyzed by the users, managers and decision makers. These systems are required to ensure that the reports are timely and relevant so that decision makers are able to quickly and efficiently base on the information provided in the reports. Consolidation is one of the greatest characteristic of reporting as user does not have to go through a massive number of transactions. For example, at the end of the accounting period an accountant consolidates all payments by running a report on the system. The system application layer reclaims the data stored in the system database and produces a report with the total payments made to the vendors for that particular period. With large corporations which have huge volume of transactional data, generating a report without AIS can take day or even weeks. Case study background River Adventures is a fifteen years old company located in Cheddar, Somerset, owned and managed by Robin Forsythe. Until recently river adventures business has been highly seasonal offering two different kayaking instructions for beginners and Intermediate level as well as kayak and rafting trips down the river Axe in Somerset. They also usually rent equipment to participant if they required. However, the company is facing an exciting challenge which will alter the size, the type of service offered and the seasonality of the business. Robin has lately obtained two new sites and he is planning to launch a new team blinding course (corporate activity) and he is expecting a large number of new participants to this specific course. Financial management and business processes field Robin operating his business very informally using manual procedures in all areas. He always predicts the expenses for each course based on his working experience. He also manages the purchasing activities of the company and issue invoices for participants on the course. At the end of the year he determines his profit by his total revenue minus the total expenses during the year. Robin set the prices by consider his profit from the previous year, assess his competitors price and make adjustment for inflation. Robin employs an office administrator along with a number of kayak instructors and raft guides. The administrator manages Account Payable and Cash Receipts and records them in the Income Journal. He also maintains simple general ledger and payroll register for tax purposes only, and no use of this accounting data is made for financial planning or for operations control. River adventures advertise through leading outdoor magazine, he also advertises about the coming seasons program on popular kayak retail notice board. Problems Robin is not pleased with the arrangement of his business and he concern about how he will keep track on expenditure and revenues as the business get bigger. Robin feels that there is unnecessary wastage of the company resources as there is not real control over the cost of meals provided to the beginners course. In addition he notice that recently there is diminishing in the stock of camping as well as small items is also being lost. Robin has suspicion about the operation of marginally attended classes, but no analysis has been done to confirm his suspicion. Robin believes there is lack in his marketing activities and he can easily attract more customers by improving his marking activities. Business opportunity Robin know about 40% of kayaking course participants continue kayaking. As such his customer base reflects a target market for direct sales of kayaking and other equipment. He would like to expand his sales into a full scale direct mail/internet business. Doing so would enable him to provide year-round work for some kayaking personnel. Users of Financial Information Accounting information system objective is to identify record and communicate the economic events of an organization to the intended users. The type of information the user requires is dictated by the type of decisions they make. The information provided by the financial statements includes an organization resources and claims against those resources, as well as shareholders equity and changes in assets and liabilities. Financial information differs between the internal and external users. Accountants must understand the characteristics of information required by the different users of financial statements. In developing financial reporting standards, standard setters presume that those who use the resulting information will have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and be able to read a financial report (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2006, p. 2). The aim of communicating financial information to user is to let accountants to address the needs and interest of users. There are many different users of financial information and these include: equity investors, suppliers, creditors, customers, employees, governments and their agencies and members of the public. Those users are identified as internal and external users of financial information. Internal Users Robin and his management use financial information to plan, organize and operate the business. And this includes the office administrator, the cook, maintenance person and the kayak instructors. External Users There are quite a few types of external users of financial information and this includes lenders investors, tax authorities, general mass and media. Invertors use financial information to determine whether to buy, hold or sell their shares. Whilst suppliers and lenders view financial statement to assess the health of an organization and to ensure timely repayment of credit. Other external users include equity investors, customers, creditors, general public and governments and their agencies and regulatory bodies. The Functions, Features and Reports of UBS Accounting Information System UBS Accounting Software Since Robin is willing to expand his business activities, UBS Accounting software will enable him to handle and speed up all accounting functions in his business. UBS has the function to handle multiple company transactions. By implementing UBS Robin will be able to assess the performance of the three sites that he owns efficiently and effectively. UBS has the function to view all accounts and reports of each site separately. The software will also provide him with a consolidated account where he can assess the performance of the entire business. In addition UBS accounting has the function to compute good and service required by government agencies, so the office administrator is no longer required to spend time with the general ledger computing tax liabilities and he can focus on other aspect of business instead. UBS accounting software is very flexible; it is capable to handle up to 18 months transactions therefore, the company will not have any difficulties to implement the softwa re at any time they want to. UBS Accounting produces pre define reports. However most of the reports can be modified to suit any business requirement. The Software standard reports are: General ledger Listing Trial balance Trading, Profit Loss Account Balance Sheet   Fixed Assets Depreciation Report   Manufacturing Account    Trading, Profit Loss Account for individual project   Cash Flow Budget Variance Reports Gain/Loss on disposal of Fixed Assets Bank Reconciliation Debtors Creditors Statements Debtors Creditors Listing and Labels Debtors Creditors Aging Report Receipts printing Payment Vouchers printing and management reports UBS Stock Control Software UBS Stock Control is a real time system that updates the stock immediately after entries. It also performs as an invoicing system whereby Robin will be able to print invoices and delivery orders. A simple yet powerful Bill of Material module has been included to enhance the system. Four method of stock valuation are provided in the system, namely Fixed Cost, First in First out (FIFO), Monthly Moving Average and Moving Average. If required, a picture of stock item can also be inserted. By implementing UBS Stock Control, Robin will have superior control over his stock since the software can control and track all the movement of inventory in the company Besides the software has ability to handle multiple company transactions therefore he can control the inventory of each arm of business separately. UBS Stock Control produces the following reports: Print Delivery Order / Invoice / Cash Sale Print Sales Order / Purchase Order / Debit Note / Credit Note Re-order / Stock replenishment recommendation Stock Cards Month to Date stock status reports Stock aging reports   Multi-sorted sales analysis report by :- Customer/Salesman/area/product/invoice Gross profit analysis reports by :- Customer/product/bill/agent/area Yearly sales purchase report Top 25 product sales by quantity and sales value Item graded reports Serial number reports UBS Payroll Software UBS Payroll for Windows fulfills all government requirements such as KWSP Borang A, SOCSO Borang 8A / 2 / 3 and Income Tax EA Form, CP8D, CP22, CP22A, CP39 and CP159. It has become an effective payroll system for all type of businesses and industries due to its capability of  computing monthly,weekly, daily, hourly piece rating. It has 3 mode of payment- monthly, daily and hourly. In addition it compute allowances table, user defined overtime as well as tip point and piece rate computation. Reports generated by UBS Payroll: A.   Statutory Reports: CPF   IR8A / IR8S SDL / FWL B.   Management and operational reports: Payslip Payroll Summary Basic Pay / Allowances / Deduction / Overtime / CPF / SDL / FWL Personal and Payroll reports Leave taken / given reports Work force / Turn over analysis Cash denomination Net pay by cash / bank Yearly employee pay summary   C.   Reports to be submitted via computer diskettes: Employees contributions / net pay can be output to diskette and sent to bank, EPF, Socso and IRD for accounts to be updated. The System Requirement Pentium II 266 MHz or higher 128 MB memory or more   800 MB or more disk space 1 floppy disk drive   1 CD Rom Drive Windows 98, Win2000, WinXP and above   Mouse   Printer Users and Stakeholders Requirements AIS aim to provide information for both internal and external users-primarily for external information users. Given that external users have a range of information needs, financial accounts need to conform to certain standards in order to satisfy them. To that end, the identified users of financial accounting information should have their information needs addressed. In that way, one can determine the context in which accountants produce financial reports. Investors In the case of River Adventure, Robin is the only shareholder of the company. Robin will be able to base his investment decision on the financial position and profitability of the business which is provided by the new accounting system. The information provided by the AIS may also be useful for potential investors in the case if Robin want to expand his business in the future and sale shares of the company to other investors. Robin would be concern about the viability of the company or his return on investment, while potential investors want to know that they are investing in a strong company. Management The highly summarized nature of financial accounts provided by the new system, allows Robin and his management to assess whether the companys strategic and tactical objectives are being met. Knowing the position of the company allows them to fine-tune the day-to-day running of the company with knowledge of the impact of their decisions on the companys strength and viability. Lenders Creditors like banks and financial institutions have a preference to deal with a financially well company with a strong cash flow because they are worried with debt repayment and recovery. Employees Employees such as the raft guides, camp cook, instructors and the office administrator are concerned with whether the company will continue a going concern and if they might face and whether can ask for wage increases. Trade unions usually observe the financial position of an organizations to make wage increase demands as well. Suppliers Suppliers such as Rustic Retreats, local butcher, grocers and camping and sport equipment suppliers are concerned with whether they supply the company on credit terms and may desire to contract with the company as a going concern. Customers/Clients (and financial advisers/analysts) Customers like corporation wishing to send their employees on team building course and individual students, would also be concerned with the business being a going concern. Tax authorities Tax authorities like Inland Revenue, Yearend returns and Tax liabilities need to assess chargeable income of an entity to determine whether the right amount of tax is being levied in a particular year. Government Government includes all government or state agencies like the Central Bank. These agencies would use financial statements to ensure compliance, especially with the representation of the financial position of the business and accounting standards. The government also uses information from financial accounts for national statistics such as Gross Domestic Product. Public public simply refers to the rest of society. Business actions have an effect on society and the environment where River Adventure operates its business, so the public, which includes lobby group, would assess the entity as a corporate citizen. Business process models The revenue cycle Sales The sales segment of the revenue cycle begins when a consumer places an order. When the purchase order is received, an employee of the company enters the required data into the accounting system keying the order into an input screen.With the available online data files, the input data can be revised, the customers credit statues can be studied, and inventory level can be checked. Also a customers credit limits will be reviewed so that it does not exceed and keep tab of the available inventory items. The customers accounts records and sales records can be updated using the order processing. Relevant documents needed to fill and ship the order are printed. These documents include a pick list, a packing slip, an invoice, and bill of lading. The pick list serves as a list for warehouse employees to select items from the warehouse shelves. The packing slip is utilized by the shipping personnel to ensure correct items are packed. An agreement between the common carrier and the company comes in the form of the bill of lading. The invoice is then sent to the customer. Towards the end of the month, customers are given the bill according to the statement. Regular monthly reports would include sales reports, inventory status reports, and account receivable reports. The expenditure cycle Payroll To keep the payroll in check, an electronic time clock collects time and attendance when employees insert their time sheet into the clock. The time clock then reads the bar codes on the employees time sheet. The system thencollects data through-out the period and automatically calculates batch totals. The data batches are then used to prepare paychecks and the payroll register. Purchases The purchasing department order items from a vendor and an employee must enter a purchase order into the accounting software by keying data into the fields of a purchase order form on the screen. The receiving department receives the goods and compares the packing slip with the purchase order to confirm part numbers and quantities. A receiving report is prepared by an employee filling in the appropriate fields in a receiving screen in the software and inventory records are updated, the person completing this screen must choose the purchase order that matches this receiving report. When the vendor name or ID number is entered, the system will list open purchase order with that vendor. After the vendor has provided an invoice, the invoice must also be entered into an entry screen in the accounting software. Again the proper purchase order must be chosen from a list to open purchase orders. If the purchase order, receiving report and invoice match as to part numbers, quantities and pric es, the liability is approved for payment. At the due date of the invoice, a designated person must select certain invoices to pay and have the system generate a batch of checks. How the outputs of the new accounting information system will help River Adventure to solve their problems. The new accounting software has the ability to generate profit/loss and balance sheet at any time required thus Robin can keep track on his business expenditure and revenues as the business expand. The new accounting software also has the ability to produce break-even point reports so Robin and his management can confirm their suspicious about the operational marginality of each course. The sales reports, and account receivable reports produced by the new accounting system will solve the problem of cash sales being disappeared from the company accounts. After implementing UBS the company will have a proper control over the cost of meals provider to the beginners course as the software have the facilities of budgeting process in an organization as well as management controls of business activity. Unnecessary wastage of food material will not be occurred as the unused bulks of food will recorded as Work In Progress Inventories by the new software. UBS Stock Control real-time update of stock with each receipt and issue of items, the company will not have the problem of inventory item being lost as the software can track the stock via unique serial code. The company can make a better control over the stock whereby the software will provide comprehensive inventory report at any time required. After implementing UBS payroll the office administrator will not have the difficulties of computing the salaries and bonuses to be paid for his instructors since UBS Payroll ease the task of stuff payroll calculation and payments. Since the new accounting software will save a lot of time and effort to the employees of River Adventure, the management will have more time to focus on other aspect of business and to improve their marketing activities.

Grand Avenue Essay -- essays papers

Grand Avenue In the novel Grand Avenue. Greg Sarris uses the theme thread of poison to connect all of his separate stories about the Toms’, a Pomo Indian family. He proves that the roots of a family are the basis which gives the family its structure, even if those roots are bad. In the Toms’ family they’re roots were poisoned from the very founding of the family starting with Sam Toms’. His poison was not the fact that he tried to steal a married woman away, but that he was filled with secrets, deceptions, and self hatred. His family was founded on these poisened roots and passes the poisen down generation after gerneration. The only way to stop the poison, or inner self hatred taken out in other forms, was to let go of past and talk about the secrets and lies. Once a person does this they are able to learn from their mistake , in a sense the break free from the poison. If Sam Toms’ , the founder or root of the family,would have broken free of his poise n by talking about his mistake he made, his whole family per haps would have turned out completely different. As a result of his secrets and lies his family was rasied to make the same immoral desisions as he made throughout his life. His family, like Sam, didn't take responcilblity for their mistakes, which spread the poison onto the next generation. Tracing the poison throughout the Tom’s beginning at the roots, shows just how important the roots indeed are. In the first story, entitled The Magic Pony, one learns about the â€Å"Man Poison†. The story is narrated by Jasmine, who lives with her Auntie Faye Faye tells her daughter Ruby and Jasmine that all men are poisoned because of a mistake from her past She stole her cousin Anna’s boyfriend Joaquin, by lying t... ...d few such as Anna, Stella, and Alice who broke free of the poison, lived their lives as Sam Toms’ did who rooted the family. They as he did lied, cheated, manipuled, and kept secrets to try to live a happy life which in actuality their lives were anything but. The strong Toms’ that broke free of the poison spoke of their problems and took responsibility for them. The rest just followed in their ancestors footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.